Humanities - Chapter 3 . India108

India-2700108
Indus River
Sind
Harappa
river Ravi
Mohenjo-Daro
Indus valley
Mohenjo-Daro-1900109
grid civilization
est. pop. 20,000 - 50,000
bricks
1:2:4 ratio
2,000 seals
stetatite, language, no war
Aryans
invaded from North, enslaved locals-1500
Caste System109
_Brahmins_
priests, scholars
Kshatriyas
rulers
Vaishyas
artisans, merchants
Shudras
laborers
_untouchable_
as specified
Hinduism109
Vedas
hymns to Aryan gods
Vedic period
[-1500 - -322]
Upanishads
book of mystical and philosophical texts-800
Brahman
the only reality, nirvana
1. Brahma god
creator
2. Vishnu god
preserver
3. Shiva god
destroyer, linga , reproductivephallus
Ramayana
Way of Rama - _Valmiki_
Rama & Sita
models of Hindu life
dharma
good and righteous conduct
Mahahbarata
Indian epic [-400 - 400]
Vishnu Puranas
Old Stories of Vishnu
Krishna
    incarnation of Vishnu
Devi goddessShakti
female aspect, necessary for male
Shakti
primordial cosmic energy
Buddhism : The Path of Truth111
Shakyammuni Buddha
founder (Prince Siddhartha Gautama) [-563 - -483]
Shakyamuni
"sage of the Shakyas"
Buddha enlightenment
tree at Bodh Gaya
four truths
    1life is suffering
Dhammapada
canonical text of Buddhism
dhamma
truth
pada
step / way
bodhisattvas
enlightened, but stayed to teach "those whose essence is wisdom"
Maurya Empire [-321 - -297]111
Chandragupta Maurya
founder
Pataliputra
capital (Ganges River)
Seleucus I
greek treaty
Bindusara
succeeded Chandragupta
Ashoka
succeeded Bindusara, Buddhism
architecture
8,400 Buddhist shrines
Great Stupa @ Stanchi
burial mound
chatras
desire, form, formlessness
mandala
"circle", diagram of cosmos
pillars
rules of dharma